Unfortunately, these methods traditionally used to determine GFR are nonspecific to the underlying cause of pathology and are often not significantly altered until much later in disease progression. Urinalysis is also used to detect proteinuria and to determine the albumin levels. Urinalysis may also be used to calculate a measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) by quantifying clearance of a readily filtered, exogenous substance such as inulin. Clinicians traditionally calculate an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) through measurement of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations. Since the GFR is the collective product of millions of glomeruli working concurrently, a patient’s true GFR is often very difficult to establish. Although long considered a “golden standard” for the detection of kidney disorders, a patient’s GFR is typically determined by measuring the concentrations of kidney filtrates in blood plasma or in urine. Currently, the most widely used method for the diagnosis of kidney disease is through the measurement of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Kidney disease is a generalized term representing an assortment of disorders impacting the renal system, each with complex and often uniquely distinctive pathologies. Kidney disease is a major health concern impacting more than 750 million people throughout the world and represents a significant burden to patients and health care systems. Thus, although these biomarkers cannot be used to categorize patients between DKD and LN, they are useful as biomarkers of renal pathology. However, there was no difference between the levels of these biomarkers in DKD vs LN. The biomarkers analyzed can differentiate between healthy and affected individuals. As determined by the AUC, of the six analytes studied, EGF ( ), Lipocalin-2/NGAL (0.9554), ASC (0.7666), and uPA (0.7522) are reliable biomarkers of DKD, whereas EGF (1.000), Lipocalin-2/NGAL (0.9412), uPA (0.7443), and IL-18 (0.7384) are more reliable for LN. Protein levels of ASC, IL-18, EGF, and Lipocalin-2/NGAL were higher in DKD and LN patients when compared to controls, whereas only uPA was elevated in DKD patients and CRP in LN patients. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) as well as receiver operating characteristics (ROC) to obtain the sensitivity and specificity and other biomarker-related variables of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), interleukin- (IL-) 18, Lipocalin-2/NGAL, epidermal growth factor (EGF), u-Plasminogen Activator (uPA), and C-reactive protein (CRP) as potential biomarkers. Serum samples were analyzed by Simple Plex assays. In this study, we analyzed serum samples of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and lupus nephritis (LN) patients to identify biomarkers of these two disorders. Thus, there is a need for development of new biomarkers of kidney disorders that are specific and less invasive. Current methods for differentiation of kidney disease types are unspecific and may be invasive.
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